金融知识基础和词汇

Amortization = 将贷款支付应用于本金的过程, or amount borrowed, 还有贷款的利息，按照固定的时间表.

Annual Fee = 信用卡公司对使用信用卡收取的费用.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR) = 财务费用或每年使用信贷的总费用, 按贷款额的百分比计算(百分比利率), including interest, transaction fees, and service charges.

Annual Percentage Yield (APY) = The actual interest rate an account pays per year with compounding included; calculated the same way by all banks/credit unions.

Appreciation = A rise in value or price.

Assets = 一个人拥有的东西，比如现金、股票、债券、房地产和个人财产.

Automated Teller Machine (ATM) = 银行客户和信用合作社成员可以用它提取现金和进行金融交易的电子机器.

Back-end load = 出售投资产品时支付的销售费用.

Bait and switch = 一种非法的销售手法，通过为产品做广告来说服顾客购买更贵的产品.

Bank = 由股东所有的营利性公司，为客户提供储蓄、支票账户和其他金融服务.

Bankruptcy = 出售债务人大部分财产以帮助偿还无法偿还的债务的法律程序, 作为交换，(a)减轻债务人支付财务义务的责任，或(b)在制定计划并试图偿还债务时保护他们.

Bond = 一种正式的协议，你把钱借给借款人，然后借款人可以在一段时间内使用这笔钱. 作为交换，你作为贷款人将获得一定数额的利息.

Borrower = an individual, 接受和使用属于别人的东西的企业或政府, 有归还或偿还的意图——通常在借钱的情况下还有利息

Budget = A plan for managing money, 在给定的时间段内，根据个人目标将预期收入和支出划分为支出和储蓄选项.

Capacity = Ability to repay a loan from present income; one of three factors in credit scoring.

Capital = 个人财产一个人拥有的个人物品的价值, including savings, investments, and property, 信用评分中使用的三个因素之一.

Capital Gain = 当投资者买入一只袜子，然后以更高的价格卖出时，买入价和卖出价之间的差额.

Capital Loss = 当投资者最终以低于买入价的价格卖出股票时的差价.

Cash Flow = 你收到的钱和你花的钱的运动.

Certificate of deposit (CD) = 存单银行发给在一定时期内将钱存入账户的人的证明. 从大多数定期存单账户提前提款要收取罚金.

Character = Refers to trustworthiness; one of three factors in credit scoring (e.g.(按时支付账单显示了财务责任). 信誉表明对履行协议负责任的态度.

Check = 指示银行或信用合作社向个人或企业支付特定金额的书面命令.

Checking Account = 可以通过写支票取款的银行或信用合作社账户.

Compound interest = 在一种情况下，利息是在先前获得的利息上获得的，这样随着时间的推移，收益积累得更快

复利，或复利，72法则= Earning interest on interest. 72法则——货币价值翻倍需要多长时间. 用72除以利息，就能算出钱翻倍所需的年数.

Consumer advocates =积极促进消费者对健康和安全等领域的兴趣的个人或团体, education, redress, truthful advertising, fairness in the marketplace, and environmental protection.

成本/收益分析，风险/回报关系= 用于在备选方案中进行选择的工具包括权衡产品或服务的成本与它将提供的收益.

Coverage Limit = 如果你提出索赔，保险公司将支付的最高金额.

Credit = 一个债权人愿意借给另一个人购买商品和服务的金额, 基于信任和期望，这笔钱会像承诺的那样连本带利地偿还.

Credit Card = 持卡人可以刷卡购物或取钱, often with interest; synonymous with “buy now, pay later.”

Credit Limit = 贷款人将向客户提供的最高信用额度.

Creditworthiness = 还贷能力:衡量一个人偿还贷款能力和意愿的尺度.

Credit rating/score = 一种基于对消费者财务历史分析的信用衡量标准, often computed as a numerical score, 使用FICO或其他评分系统来分析消费者的信用. 债权人对一个人还债的意愿和能力的评估，通过性格来判断, capacity, and capital; a mathematical model used by lenders to predict the likelihood that bills will be paid as promised.

Credit report = 信用记录由信用机构收集的跟踪借款人信用支付情况的书面记录, 这些款项是否及时支付, 以及借款人拥有各种信用账户的时间

Credit Union = 会员拥有的金融机构，以较低的费用向会员提供储蓄、支票账户和其他服务.

Debit Card = A card used to pay for goods and services directly from a checking account by transferring funds electronically from one’s checking account to the store’s account to pay for a purchase; also called check cards.

Debt = 欠债主的全部款项.

Deductible = 在保险公司介入并支付其余部分之前，你必须自掏腰包支付的损失金额.

Delayed Gratification = 愿意放弃你现在想要的东西，以便在未来得到更好的东西.

Depreciation = 产品价值的下降，从产品被购买的那一刻开始(汽车).

Diversification = 在不同类型的投资中分配资金，以最大限度地降低整体风险.

Dividend = 分红:支付给公司股东的那部分利润.

Dollar Cost Averaging 定期将固定金额投资于同一项投资的做法, 不管股市走势如何.

Earned Interest = 你允许金融机构或公司使用你的钱而得到的报酬.

Employee benefits = 雇主提供的工资以外的额外福利(例如:工资).g., health insurance or pension plan).

Endorse = 在支票背面签名，使支票可支付给指定的收款人.

Expense = 花在买东西或做某事上的一笔钱.

Financial plan, financial planning = 个人财务规划是(1)设定目标的过程, (b) developing a plan to achieve them, and (c) putting the plan into action. 为处理个人资金的各个方面制定有序计划或蓝图的持续思考过程, including spending, credit, saving and investing.

FICO score = 一种数学模型，用来评估一个人偿还借款的可靠性

Finance charges = 对未付的信用余额支付的利息

Financial institutions = 帮助资金从储蓄者流向借款人的中介机构

Financial literacy = basic financial knowledge, 包括对银行和银行体系的了解, financial markets, credit and credit cards, and tax laws, 以及运用这些知识来决定如何消费的能力, earn, 或者今天存钱为明天积累财富

Fixed Expenses = 每次花费相同的费用.

Fraud = 故意歪曲信息，意图欺骗或误导.

Front-end load = 在购买投资产品时支付的销售费用，有时在股息再投资时支付.

Grace Period = On a credit card, 在你开始积累未付余额的利息之前的时间长度.

Gross Income = 扣除工资之前的工资收入总额.

High balling = 以旧换新的汽车报价过高.

Identity Theft = When someone uses your name, Social Security number, credit card number, 和其他个人信息，未经您的允许.

Implied warranty = 不成文的保证，保证产品的质量足以实现其设计目的.

Impulse purchase = 一时兴起的购买行为，没有经过任何决策过程.

Income = Any money an individual receives.

信息处理=为决策分析和组织信息.

Insurance =限制因疾病造成的经济损失的风险管理工具, injury, 或者用损害换取保护和帮助的承诺.

Insurance premium = 个人向保险公司支付的款项，以换取保险公司的保护和帮助承诺.

Installment plan = 为特定产品(如家具或电器)提供的封闭式贷款

Interest = Payment for use of someone else’s money; usually expressed as an annual rate in terms of a percent of the principal (the amount owed).

Investment = Setting aside money for future income, benefit, or profit to meet long-term goal; using savings to earn a financial return.

Late Fee = 逾期付款对所有类型的信贷的罚款.

Lender = one who lends; may be an individual, a business or a government

Liabilities = 一个人欠的金额，如未付的账单、信用卡费用、个人贷款和税收.

Liquidity = 资产可以轻易地转换为现金而不会造成严重损失.

Loan sharks = 收取非法高利率的无证放贷人.

Loan Term = 你偿还贷款的时间长度.

Minimum payment = 在一个固定期限的信用帐户中，每个人每月需要支付的最小金额

Money market account = 一种提供有限支票签发特权的有息账户. Deposits may be added at any time; some money market accounts limit the withdrawals depositors may make without paying a penalty. 货币市场账户是一种低风险投资，介于储蓄账户和支票账户之间. 银行系统内提供的货币市场账户被称为货币市场存款账户. 共同基金提供的货币市场账户被称为货币市场共同基金.

Money order = 一种付款方式，一个人可以购买一定数额的商品，然后签字转让给汇票上指定的人或公司. 人们必须付费才能获得汇票. 汇款单不能退票，因为在汇款单发出之前需要全额付款.

Mortgage = 贷款购买房地产，如土地或房屋.

Mutual Fund = 一种投资证券，实际上是一种多元化的股票投资组合, bonds, or other securities. 投资者购买股票并可以随时出售.

Net Income = Also called “take-home pay”; it’s the amount of income left after payroll deductions.

Net worth = 一个人的资产和负债之间的差额.

Open-ended credit = 一种信贷形式，允许一个人借钱购买没有预定还款期限的商品

Opportunity Cost = Whenever choices are made, 为获得某物而必须放弃的东西所付出的代价. 用于满足一个目标而不能用于另一个目标的资源.e., 权衡一种选择与另一种选择，而不仅仅是考虑特定商品或服务的现金价格或价值.

Origination Fee = 设立贷款的费用，通常与住房贷款有关.

Payroll deductions = 从总收入中扣除的由雇主为税收和雇员福利等项目扣留的金额.

Pay Yourself First (PYF) = 有纪律的储蓄或把钱作为预算的常规部分，以备以后的消费或投资.

Personal Identification Number (PIN) = 你用来进入你的储蓄和/或支票账户的唯一密码.

Philanthropy = 帮助他人的个人或团体的兴趣, 尤其是通过捐赠给慈善机构或捐赠给机构.

Phishing = An identity theft tool that appears in the form of an E-mail or pop-up message; usually looks like it’s from a legitimate financial institution and prompts you to provide your personal information in order to fix a “problem” with your account.

Points-mortgage = A one-time service charge by mortgage lenders at closing to increase the return on the loan; each point is one percent to the amount of the principal.

Predatory lending = 贷款行为承诺贷款“好得令人难以置信”，并迫使借款人当场贷款. 贷款行为包括各种各样的财务滥用，比如过高的费用, penalties for early pay-off of the loan, balloon payments, loan flipping, high interest rates, 借款人无力支付的月供, the unauthorized refinancing of loans. 这种做法包括掠夺性抵押贷款, payday loans, overdraft loans, excessive credit card debt, and instant tax refund loans.

Profit = 创造一种产品或提供一种服务所需的成本之差.

Principal = 别人愿意借给你多少钱. 也指贷款中仍欠的金额.

Resources = 人力资源是指人们自身拥有的资源, such as working knowledge, skill, mental effort, motivation, energy. 非人力或外部资源包括金钱、时间和设备.

Rate of return = 储蓄账户或投资中的钱增长有多快.

Return = 投资的收益，通常以年百分比表示

Reverse mortgage = 一种安排，业主以其房屋的净值为抵押贷款，每月定期从贷款人那里获得免税付款. 也称为反向年金抵押或房屋净值转换抵押.

Revolving credit = 一种无限制的账户，有借贷额度限制，但没有还款时间限制

Risk management = 故意和系统地使用各种策略来控制潜在的个人或财务损失的纯风险.

Risk tolerance = 个人所能承受的不确定性或可能损失的程度.

Savings = Money set aside for short-term goals.

Savings Account = 你在金融机构的账户，它可以帮助你积累、储蓄，同时赚取利息.

Share Account = 信用合作社对储蓄账户的称呼.

Share Draft Account = 信用合作社对支票帐户的称呼.

Social security = 当因退休而收入减少或停止时，联邦政府提供收入的基本计划, or disability. 当工作的父母去世和未成年子女是家庭的一部分时，也向家庭提供收入.

Spending = using income for current consumption

Stock = 一种使投资者成为公司部分所有者的投资.

Stock Market = 股票买卖的地方.

Taxes = A compulsory payment by individual/organizations to the government; fees placed on income, property, or goods to support government programs.

Time value of money = The relationship between time, money, and rate of return (interest), and their effect on earnings growth. 时间、金钱和利率越多，在一段时间结束时产生的钱就越多.

Traveler's check = a form of check that can be used to obtain cash; the buyer of the traveler's check pays a specific dollar amount to acquire these checks, 哪些是由旅行支票发行者以标准化的包发行的. 支票是开给个人或公司的，并由开支票的人签名. 通常这些都带有防止丢失或被盗的保护措施. 旅行支票发行者通常在出售这些工具时收取费用.

Variable Expenses = Expenses that are not fixed.

Wants = 一个人想拥有但不是生活必需品的东西. 可以提高生活质量的物品、活动或服务，但没有它们也可以生活.

Wealth-building = Increasing the total value of what one owns; one’s tangible assets using strategies to increase savings and personal asset accumulation, 从而促进个人/家庭的经济福祉和财政安全.

Withholding = 雇主从雇员的收入中扣除以支付雇员的税款.

Yield = The profit from an investment.